A. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model.
B. It necessitates changes in functionality in one layer to other layers.
C. It enables equipment efficiency from different vendors to use the same electronic components.
D. It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding component development, design, and troubleshooting.
E. It supports the evolution of multiple competing standards, and thus enhances business equipment manufacturing opportunities.

A.RIP
B.STP
C.IGRP
D.CDP
E.VTP

A. Layer 2
B. Layer 3
C. Layer 4
D. Layer 5
E. Layer 6
F. Layer 7

A.ARP
B.RARP
C.TCP
D.UDP
E.IP
F.ICMP
G.BootP

A. Two switches are connected via a trunk. Both switches have been assigned an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. A ping is successful between the two switches. However, VLAN information is not passed from one switch to the other switch.
B. A router and a switch have been assigned an IP address, a subnet mask, and a default gateway. They are directly connected, but a ping between the two devices fails.
C. A router connects to another router through a serial interface. Both routers have been assigned an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. The routers are running RIP and the networks directly connected to the first router do not pass to the second router. However, a ping from one router to the serial interface of the directly connected neighboring router is successful.
D. A router connects to another router via a switch. Both routers and the switch have been assigned an IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. Neither the routers nor the switch are able to ping one of the hosts that is directly to the switch.